Identifying Social Networking Strategy And Technology That...

1. Introduction: The purpose of this research is not to evaluate how many hoteliers vigorously using social media strategy, comparatively is to examine the area and objective of the issue why some hoteliers don’t understand and grasp the importance of social networking as a new tool of communication with its consumers or guests. Recommending solution to this issue that can help different hotelier to implement social networking strategy and technology that can boost up their occupancy rate, repeat-purchase and customer loyalty. †¢ Justification: In service industry (Hotel Tourism) many Hotelier’s at present day banks upon social media to connect and interact with its customers. It is important for hotel industry to comprehend this experience and acclimate to this new form marketing and communication technology. With growth in consumer base and new generation been a part of new personnel, it is legitimate to conclude social networking strategy or social media tool to the hotel business to embellish the future. 1. A: Aim: 1. B: Identification of Contemporary Issues in Hotel Industry. †¢ Issue: Some Hoteliers find it difficult to understand the importance and implementation of Social media strategy for their Business. †¢ Management area issue: Social Networking Marketing and Technology 2. Issue Explanation: 2.1: Some Hoteliers find it difficult to understand the importance and implementation of Social media strategy for their Business. A. What are factors or difficultiesShow MoreRelatedA Comprehensive Analysis of Hyatt Hotels Corporation and How It Relates to Competition Within the Hotel Industry27390 Words   |  110 PagesSegment 3 Technology Segment 7 Economic Segment 11 Political / Legal Segment 14 Socio-cultural Segment 16 Nature Segment 18 Global Segment 19 Industry Environment 21 Intensity of rivalry 21 Supplier power 22 Buyer Power 22 Threat of substitutes 22 Threat of new entrants 23 Competitor Environment 23 Introduction 24 Future objective 25 Current strategy 26 Capability 28 Assumption 30 Driving Forces 31 Economic growth 31 Globalization 31 Technology 32 RoomRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesInformation Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Data Governance at InsuraCorp CASE STUDY I-6 H.H. 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Summer Road Trip - 1174 Words

My Summer Road Trip The late June Texas sun was hot as it came through the window of my Caliber. I had begun my road trip to the lake house in Mineola early that morning. I had dressed for comfort, wearing my blue shorts and my favorite worn out tee, I knew it was going to be a long hot drive. As I drove down the road, I soon realized that I had never been anywhere alone before. This was a new feeling to me, one of strength and fear rolled into one. While fighting the traffic to get out of town, I was thinking back on the conversation Mother and I had had the night before. â€Å"But what if you have to stop, what if you have a flat tire?† mother’s voice was full of concern, â€Å"You know a stranger can grab you, they prey on women traveling†¦show more content†¦White clouds of dust kicked up behind my car as I drove down the tiny one lane road. I could see the house in the distance with the shimmering blue water just behind. I pulled into the driveway and just stared out the car window at the view. The lush green grass flowed down to the water’s edge, dotted only by a few oak trees that gave perfect shade along the way. I felt as if I could literally melt into the scenery. I had not noticed that the neighbor’s dog, Maggie, had come to the car until I heard her soft whine to get my attention. She was sitting next to the car wagging her tail as I opened the car door, excited to have my compan y. I unpacked the car and carried the few bags I had brought with me into the house. It was dark and cool inside despite the summer’s heat. I opened the blinds and was again mesmerized by the beautiful view. I knew in that moment my coming here alone was just what I needed to heal from the stressful events I had just been through. I did not even bother to unpack, but instead I kicked off my shoes and immediately went with Maggie for a walk by the lake. We walked down the soft dirt path that leads to my special â€Å"sitting rock†, which juts out over the water. I could feel the cool dirt as it dusted over my bare feet and smelled the oak leaves as I walked under the shade of the trees. Once we arrived at the paths end, I sat on my rock and watched the water lapping against the sandy shore and listened to it echo as it splashed underShow MoreRelatedDriving On An Open Road996 Words   |  4 PagesThere’s something incredible about driving on an open road and watching the scenery change while listening to your favorite song or boarding an airplane and getting that sinking feeling in your stomach while taking off, flying into a new adventure. These are some of my favorite things about traveling; enjoying the journey not just the destination. Growing up my family didn’t do much traveling. Our travels consisted of short road trips, lots of laughter, fun and adventure. 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Professional Practice in IT Corporate Communication

Question: Discuss the Professional Practice in IT for Corporate Communication. Answer: Introduction This journal is mainly aimed to make a reflective discussion on ten communication topics such as critical thinking, non-verbal and verbal communication, motivation as well as learning, interpersonal communication, mediated communication, group dynamics, leadership skills, conflict negotiations, ethics and intercultural communication. This journal has initially discussed the topics and then discusses how the topics transpire in a reflective aspect such as at work or as a student. Critical thinking Critical thinking or Critical Analysis is a rational as well as clear thinking which involves critique. The details of the critical thinking mainly vary amongst those who can demonstrate the critical thinking. As per the opinion of Jackson (2015), Critical Analysis or Critical Thinking is implementing a reasoned and a clear judgement. At the time of the process of critical analysis, ideas should be well thought out, judged as well as reasoned. As per my perspective, critical thinking is the major avenue through which we can provide the best evidence of a particular fact through reality. In personal life, as an employee or student, people always have to go through a continuous learning phase. Therefore, in this learning phase, critical thinking helps us the most. We have to phase several problems while working in an organization as well as we also have to understand the prioritization importance at the same time. In such situations critical thinking can provide the solutions to get rid of those problems. Therefore, Critical thinking is very important as a communication tool in personal life of us. Verbal and non-verbal communication Verbal as well as the non-verbal communication are the two major classifications or the categories of communication (Argenti 2015). Verbal Communication is mainly the sharing of information among the individuals by utilizing speech. People working within a particular business, need to utilize effectively the verbal communication, which employs understood readily the spoken words and ensuring that the communication, tone of voice and stress with that the words can be expressed properly (Eisenberg, Goodall and Trethewey 2013). On the other hand, the non-verbal communication among people is the process of communication with the help of the receiving and sending wordless clues are given. As per my own perspective, both the verbal as well as non-verbal communication are very important for us in our workplace or our schools and colleges. Employees and students should have the potential to communicate verbally and non-verbally as well. In any critical situation depending on the circumstances, we need to utilize both of the communication strategies. In any important meeting or interview, we have to verbally communicate with the interviewers as well as the other members who are participating in the meeting. On the other hand, in case of the non-verbal communication, eye-contact, postures, clothing, gestures and especially first impression is very important while impressing teachers, professors, interviewers and the supervisors. Motivation and learning Motivation is the internal as well as external factors those can stimulate the energy as well as the desire in people to be continually committed and interested to a specific job, subject or role or for making an effort for attaining an objective (Kusurkar, Artino and Ten Cate 2015). On the other hand, Learning can be defined as the relatively permanent as well as measurable change in the behaviour through study, instruction or experience (Erhel and Jamet 2013). As per my personal view, both of the factors such as motivation and learning are very important in our personal lives such as our educational fields or workplaces. We need to have good learning skill in order to survive in the professional world. Motivation and teh motivational factors always help us to be energetic in order to accomplish certain tasks in our personal life. In other hand, I must say that motivation and learning are interrelated with each other. Without heaving a good learning skill, motivation cannot be achieved. Interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication can be defined as the process with the help of which people can easily exchange feelings, meaning and information through the non-verbal as well as verbal messages (Knapp, Vangelisti and Caughlin 2014). Interpersonal communication is simply the face to face communication. The interpersonal communication skills can be enhanced and developed or improved with the enhanced practice and knowledge. According to my personal view, the interpersonal communication is not only regarding what is stated actually the language utilized but how or through what procedure it is mainly stated as well as the non-verbal messages sent over the body language, gestures, facial expressions and voice tone as well. The interpersonal communication is the combination of both of the verbal and non-verbal communication skills. We always need to have the verbal and non-verbal communication skills in order to make a proper interpersonal communication with others in the workplaces and the schools and colleges. Being students or employees, we should always be presentable in the interpersonal communication. Mediated communication, for example computer mediated communication Mediated interaction or the mediated communication is mainly defined as the communication, which is carried out with the utility of Information Communication Technology as well as can also be contrasted to the face to face communication (Kerr and Hiltz 2013). On the other hand, in case of the computer mediated communication, it can also be defined as any kind of communication made by human-beings that occurs with the help of the usage of two or more electronic devices (Herring, Stein and Virtanen 2013). According to my point of view, computer mediated communication (CMC) is becoming a significant communication medium in the educational as well as in the corporate world. Nowadays, most of the examinations are arranged via online. On the other hand, same goes for the interviews arranged by the organizations. In companies, employees have to deal with the foreign clients and that can be done only with the help of the computer mediated communication such as the social networking. Therefore, CMC is playing a significant role in our personal lives as well as our professional lives. Group dynamics Group dynamics is such a system of the psychological processes as well as the behaviours obtaining within a social group or among the social groups (Levi 2016). The group dynamic study can be helpful in order to understand the behaviour of decision making, create effective therapy techniques, track the spread of diseases in society as well as following the popularity and emergence of the new technologies and ideas. As we all know that people should have the decision skill in the educational field as well as in the workplaces. Therefore, in order to gain a proper decision making skill, we need to have to keep a proper group dynamics. The group dynamics can also help us to understanding the core factors of the racism, sexism as well as the other forms of social discriminations. Therefore, we can study these kinds of applications in the business, education as well as communication studies. Most importantly, the group dynamics can play a significant role in order to build a proper leadership skill within us. Thus, group dynamics is such a form of communication that has a huge significance in our personal as well as professional lives. Leadership skills Leadership skill is such a type of capability of effectively leading is based on the number of major skills (Schoemaker, Krupp and Howland 2013). These particular skills are sought highly after by the employers because they have to deal with the people in such a way as for motivating, building as well as enthusing respect. As my personal view, I feel that the leadership skills are very important for not only the employers but also to the students, This is simply because, students have to participate in debates as well as group discussions and without having a proper leadership skill, it becomes difficult for them to properly communicate in the group discussion and debate. On the other hand, as a communication skill, leadership quality has a huge implication in the corporate world. Employers as well as the employees should individually have a proper leadership skill as they need to important decisions by their own and have to manage their works and fulfil their own responsibilities. Therefore, I have to accept the fact that leadership skills have huge implication among the students as well as the employees in the educational and corporate world. Conflict negotiation Conflict resolution or the conflict negotiation is actually conceptualized as the processes as well as the methods involved in order to facilitate the peaceful ending of the retribution and the conflict as well (Wallensteen 2015). In the educational as well as the corporate field, we should always have the potential to negotiate as well as resolve particular conflict occurs in any group. As committed members of a particular, we should always try to attempt for resolving the conflicts obtaining in a group by communicating information actively regarding our conflicting ideologies or motives to rest of the group as well as by involving in the collective resolution. On the other hand, in the educational as well as corporate world, the cognitive resolution can be the way for us for viewing as well as understanding the conflicts with our perspectives, beliefs, attitudes and understandings as well. Therefore, we should always try to identify the conflict before negotiating that conflict occurring in a particular. It would thus give us more precise way to resolve the problems and consequences. Ethics Ethics is that philosophy branch that involves the recommending, defending as well as systemizing the concepts of the wrong and right conduct (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2015). On the other hand, business ethics is the form of professional as well as applied ethics that tests the moral or ethical issues and ethical principles that arise in a business environment (Weiss 2014). As per my personal viewpoint, we should be aware of the professional ethics in order to properly fulfil our responsibilities in the educational as well as the corporate world. Students should have the idea regarding the moral as well as the ethical norms of the schools and colleges where they are studying. On the other hand, the employees should also have to know the ethical as well as the moral norms of the companies where they are working. Ethics is such a form of communication with the help of which, students as well as the employees should fulfil all the expectations towards them from the schools, colleges and the companies. Intercultural Communication Intercultural Communication is such a type of communication process that is defined as the situated communication among the groups or the individuals cultural as well as the linguistic origins (Jandt 2015). It is the active relationship, which is built among people through language. According to my perspective, the intercultural communication is the implicit element of the most of the language features as the autonomous subject in the disciplinary fields. In the business organizations as well as in the schools and colleges, students and employees have to be well-prepared in the intercultural communication skill. While students go to abroad for education, then the intercultural communication skill would help those students to manage with the environment. On the other hand, while an employee has to deal with a foreign client then he or she needs to have a proper intercultural communication skill to properly communicate with that client. Therefore, I must say that the intercultural communication is very important for us in the educational and in the professional field. Conclusion After the entire conversation made in this particular journal, it can easily be stated that the all the communication processes, which I have discussed above are very important in order to deal with any kind of situation in the educational as well as the corporate world. Students and employees should be well-prepared in all of the communicational aspects in order to establish a proper communication with the teachers, professors, employees, subordinates, supervisors as well as the important clients of schools, colleges and organizations respectively. Reference List Argenti, P.A., 2015.Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Eisenberg, E.M., Goodall Jr, H.L. and Trethewey, A., 2013.Organizational communication: Balancing creativity and constraint. Macmillan Higher Education. Erhel, S. and Jamet, E., 2013. Digital game-based learning: Impact of instructions and feedback on motivation and learning effectiveness.Computers Education,67, pp.156-167. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2015.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Herring, S., Stein, D. and Virtanen, T. eds., 2013.Pragmatics of computer-mediated communication(Vol. 9). Walter de Gruyter. Jackson, S.L., 2015.Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. Cengage Learning. Jandt, F.E., 2015.An introduction to intercultural communication: Identities in a global community. Sage Publications. Kerr, E.B. and Hiltz, S.R., 2013.Computer-mediated communication systems: Status and evaluation. Academic Press. Knapp, M.L., Vangelisti, A.L. and Caughlin, J.P., 2014.Interpersonal Communication Human Relationships. Pearson Higher Ed. Kusurkar, R.A., Artino, A.R. and Ten Cate, T.J., 2015. Motivation and Learning.The Art of Teaching Medical Students, p.62. Levi, D., 2016.Group dynamics for teams. Sage Publications. Schoemaker, P.J., Krupp, S. and Howland, S., 2013. Strategic leadership: The essential skills.Harvard business review,91(1), pp.131-134. Wallensteen, P., 2015.Understanding conflict resolution. Sage. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Absolut Failure Essay Example For Students

Absolut Failure Essay The 1920s was a time of major social change in the United States. The social changes during this period are reflected in the laws and regulations that were implemented. One of the most prominent examples of this was prohibition. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, or the Volsted act as it is also know, was implemented to eliminate the use of alcohol in the United States. In doing this, the advocates of prohibition hoped to also eradicate the social problems associated with alcohol. It was an attempt to promote Protestant middle-class culture as a means of imposing order on a disorderly world(Dumenil 226). However, this goal of keeping social order through not consuming alcohol, was not reached during the years of prohibition, or even the years following it. Alcohol use among Americans did decline, but it was not totally eliminated, and some of the social problems were even greater then before prohibition. Therefore prohibition was not successful in its original purpose. To best understand the reasons behind the failure of prohibition, we have to look at the years before, during, and after prohibition. This will give context to the implementation of the 18th Amendment, as well as show the trends of Americans alcohol use and the effects of alcohol on American society. The early 1900s were a time of great prosperity in the United States. America was thriving economically, and big cities were booming. However, some Americans thought that this was not a good thing, because of the social problems that came with the urban culture. The Drys, as Prohibitionists were referred to, saw large cities as providing people with readily available alcohol. This in turn led to an increase in crime, poverty and immorality. During the period of 1911-1915 the average per-capita consumption of alcohol of each American was 2.56 gallons (Kyvig 24). The solution that was proposed was a national prohibition of alcohol. The goal of this was to eliminate drinking in America thus reducing all of the problems associated with it. The Prohibitionists thought that the sale of liquor was a social crime, that the drinking of liquor was a racial crime, and that the results of liquor were criminal actions(Sinclair 220). By making alcohol illegal nationally, such as it would be with prohibition, the social problems of America would be fixed. On January 16, 1920 alcohol became illegal with the passing of the 18th Amendment. Under the Volsted Act, named after its author, the importing, exporting, transporting, and manufacturing of all intoxicating substances was outlawed. The government defined intoxicating liquor as anything having an alcoholic content of more then .5%. However this excluded alcohol used in religious or medical purposes. With the passing of this Amendment, the temperance movement in the United States had won a major victory. They saw the implementation of prohibition as the key to freeing American from the fiery vices of alcohol. So began the prohibition era. At the onset of prohibition, alcohol use in the United States did decline. It did cut alcohol consumption, perhaps by as much as thirty percent, and was more effective in the early years (1919-1922) (Dumenil 233). However, this reduction in consumption was not long lasting. Seldom has a law been more flagrantly violated. Not only did Americans continue to manufacture, barter, and possess alcohol; they drank more of it(Bowen 154). One of the reasons for this was because prohibition was so hard to enforce. Partly this was because of the poor wording of the Amendment. The 18th Amendment prohibited the sale, import, export, manufacture, and transport of alcohol, but it failed to specifically make purchasing alcohol or its use a crime. According to David E. .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1 , .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1 .postImageUrl , .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1 , .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1:hover , .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1:visited , .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1:active { border:0!important; } .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1:active , .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1 .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf549b2753743675e5690290ed8e1eee1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Key Features of a Bond Essay Kyvig, This allowed continued possession of intoxicants obtained prior to prohibition, provided that such beverages were only for personal use in ones own home(22). This loophole in the Amendment was not on the side of the Prohibitionists, and ultimately led to a decline in prohibitions effectiveness. Another reason that the decline in alcohol sale and usage was not permanent was its increased profitability. After the implementation of prohibition, the price of alcohol went up dramatically. During prohibition, the price of beer went up 600%, and the price of gin went

Ways in Which Work Has Been Understood By Various Theorists

Karl max and the concept of alienation On his part, Karl Max understood work as alienating. His argument was based on the capitalistic mode of production which has its roots in the industrial revolution of 1600. This mode of production is characterised by two groups of people namely the capitalists and the proletariats. According to Karl max, the proletariats own nothing except their labour, which they sale at cheap price to the capitalists (Wharton 44).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Ways in Which Work Has Been Understood By Various Theorists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The concept of alienation simply means the existence of some dividing forces between things which are essentially supposed to be in harmony with each other. For example, man created and discovered religion, but the same man subjects himself to uncomfortable religious beliefs or practices like refusing to take medicine due to reli gious beliefs. In this situation, religion makes man to be uneasy, yet it is the same man who creates the religion (Wharton 45). Max argued that the ideal purpose of work was to make man happy by enabling him move towards the actualization levels in his life. But due to the capitalistic economy, work is no longer playing its primary function in man, but rather, it is alienating him. According to Max, man can be alienated in three major ways namely the alienation from the results of labour, alienation from the other workers and alienation of the worker from him or herself (Wharton 45). Alienation from the results of labour happens when man works but he does not have a stake in the products of his labour and only gets his wages, which are way below the worth of the products of his labour. This is what Karl max calls exploitation, which creates profits in form of surplus. Paradoxically, the surplus is not attributed to the workers but rather to the capitalists (Wharton 49). Alienation from other workers takes place when the worker is transformed into a commodity to be used in the competitive capitalist economy. In this situation, the worker is not viewed as a social being but is tied to his or her work, in which he or she is paid as per his or her output.Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Alienation of the worker from himself takes place when the worker is robbed of his ability or opportunity to enjoy the intrinsic value of work. In the capitalistic economy, personal lives are separated from work, meaning that the worker is transformed into a machine. This makes him or her to work for the sake of working, but not as a way of serving other humanity or quenching his passion to work in a certain field (Wharton 51). Max weber and bureaucracy This theoretical approach was formed by Max Weber in 1947.The approach conceptualizes organisations as being guide d by hierarchical chains of command, in which decisions were made based on the top down approach. Those who are at the top management positions are responsible for making the decisions while their juniors are responsible for the execution of those decisions. In the hierarchy, each position is composed of specific roles and responsibilities as well as some amount of authority to make decisions or to command other workforce down the hierarchy (Wharton 51). Weber conceptualizes organisations as being characterized by division of labour and specialization. Each position in the hierarchy is held by specialized individuals or bureaucrats who have acquired education and training on that particular position. The specializations are accompanied by some powers and authorities depending on the position in the hierarchy (Wharton 51). Weber views organisations as being guided by formal regulations and rules which are formed and communicated well within the organisation. There are the rules of co nduct in the workplace which govern things like working hours, holidays, offs, the language to be used, communication protocols within the organisation based on the hierarchy, and the communication channel regarding assignments for specific positions in the hierarchy. These rules and regulations govern the procedures and the processes of the organisation so as to give it an identity as well as stability and make it possible to predict it’s because everything is planned in advance and followed to the letter without failure or compromise (Wharton 52).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Ways in Which Work Has Been Understood By Various Theorists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Weber views organisations as being characterized or guided by rationality. Employees are selected not on the basis of friendship but on merit and their qualifications. Weber’s approach does not encourage the mixing of f riendship or family issues with organisational business. All employees are therefore selected in a transparent and competitive process which is free from any form of bias. The same applies to employee remunerations. Each and every employee is remunerated as per his or her position, qualifications and rank in the organisation, meaning that those who are at the top get higher remunerations than those who are at the bottom in the hierarchy. In terms of responsibilities, those at the bottom are more involved with organisational activities while those at the top are mostly concerned with policy issues and public relations activities and are less involved in the daily running of the organisations (Wharton 54). Weber’s approach recognizes positions in the hierarchy by their designations but not by the individuals who hold them. This is to say that there is no personification of ranks within the organisation which ensures that authority is respected and reduces subjectivity as it inc reases objectivity in the organisational undertakings (Wharton 56). Frederick Winslow Taylor and scientific management The theory of scientific management was developed by Taylor in the year 1947.The theory focuses on the importance of planning of work. Taylor argued that planning of work was very important for organisations to achieve standardization, efficiency, simplification and specialization (Wharton 57). According to Taylor, increased productivity is brought about by mutual trust between the management and the workers, which is possible to be increased through: eliminating or minimizing anxiety and physical stress in the work as much as possible; ensuring that the merits of increased production of the organisation go directly to the workers; developing the capabilities of workers through training and elimination of the old age â€Å"boss† concept in management of organisations (Wharton 62). Taylor’s approach is characterised by the following principles: the scie ntific selection, teaching and development of workforce for organisations; scientific training of workforce done by experts using scientific methods or criteria; scientific constructions or compositions of all elements of employees’ work and the collaboration of all organisational members or workforce in their work, based on the principles of organisations so as to increase coordination and uniformity in their work (Wharton 65).Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Who defines the parameters of work? The parameters of work are the boundaries or limitations of work. They may include things like job design, descriptions and remunerations. In a capitalistic mode of production, the guiding principle is that of extraction of wealth. What this means is that a person should maximise on the savings and minimise on the expenses irrespective of the costs or side effects (Wharton 71). As mentioned earlier in the discussion, the two key players in the capitalistic mode of production are the capitalist and the proletariat. The capitalist owns the means of production while the proletariat owns nothing other than his or her labour, which is exploited by the capitalist for his or her own benefits with the proletariat receiving insignificant remunerations in form of wages (Wharton 72). What this means is that the capitalist, who is also known as the bourgeoisie is the one who defines the parameters of work. This is because he owns the means of production major ly in form of capital. The bourgeoisie designs the work by coming up with job designs, descriptions and terms and conditions of employment. The reason why it is the capitalist who defines the parameters of work is because the capitalistic mode of production requires the capitalist to spend as little as possible in terms of capital, but derive as much output as possible. They do this mostly to maximise on the productivity of their employees, which leads to surplus and consequently the exploitation of the proletariat (Wharton 78). The key historical conceptions about work and how the new workplace is organised Historically, wok was conceptualized as being rigid, individualized and aimed at attaining maximum efficiency. The organisations were vertically structured with strict chains of command. Decisions were made based on the top down approach and employee flexibility was not encouraged. Organisations did not value employee creativity or innovativeness nor did they invest in human res ource development. Organisations concentrated in going it alone so as to beat the others and did not consider creating cohesive organisational cultures. Work was therefore greatly mechanized and employees perceived as robots to be manipulated by the management to bring certain results for the organisations (Wharton 80). On the other hand, the modern workplace is organised in a different way. First of all, many organisations have matrix and less rigid organisational structures which encourage flexibility in one’s job. Decision making is also highly decentralised to teams, which come up with their own schedules and team leaders. The new workplace is also characterized by complex relationships and cooperation between various departments of organisation as well as the creation of a cohesive organisational culture for the organisations. Many organisations are investing in human resource development as a competitive strategy (Wharton 89). How technology and flexibility on the job h ave changed the social organisation of work One of the key drivers in the transformation of the workplace is technology. Technology has revolutionized the way organisations execute their business as well as the social organisation of work. Nowadays, it is very easy to pass a communication to a massive number of employees through a click of a mouse. This has led to the liberalization of work, in which employees are given the leeway to work at their conveniences, meaning that it is not a must for them to be at the workplace all the time in order for them to be considered to have worked. This has reduced social conduct between the employees (Wharton 122). The tasks performed by the employees have also been influenced by technology. Of main concern is that technology has enabled employees to access a lot of information which they were not able to access before. This has increased the levels of understanding of the employees’ tasks hence improved their performance and productivity (Wharton 124). How understandings of human relations has shifted as a result of these transformations in the workplace The classical management approaches viewed employees as objects to be managed or manipulated by the management to produce certain results. The approaches did not have room for employees’ creativity, innovativeness or flexibility in their duties, but rather, employees were supposed to work under strict guidelines and time so as to produce specified results within a specified period of time, with dire consequences for not meeting the specified requirements or standards. However, the modern approaches are characterized by a radical departure from scientific management to the human relations approach (Wharton 145). This approach views employees as social beings complete with feelings, emotions and needs. The approach pays attention to employee motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic). The approach is based on the systems theory, which looks at organisations as being made of various subsystems, which work in harmony with each other for the benefit of the whole. The employees are one of the many subsystems and therefore there is need of having in place a culture which fosters employee commitment and dedication to organisational objectives and goals (Wharton 168). The features of the new economy The new economy is characterized by lean and flexible production, emphasis on human capital as opposed to financial capital, change management, continuous innovation, research and development, liberalized organisational structure, emphasis on market capitalization instead of profits, e-business, building of alliances for success, short life cycle of products, customer driven, differentiation as a competitive strategy, unpredictable markets, human resource development and employee empowerment, on-going learning, and a culturally diverse workforce (Head 125). Ways in which information technology has shifted the kind of work done by lower and upper level emp loyees As mentioned elsewhere in this discussion, information and communication technology has brought radical changes in the workplace, which have changed the kind of work done by both lower and upper level employees. The upper level employees basically work at managerial or supervisory ranks. With the advent of information and communication technology, the upper level employees may use information and communication technology to communicate and supervise their employees. This has reduced their presence in the organisations. They can also use electronic systems to evaluate or appraise the employees, thus coming up with new information from the employees within a very short time (Head 129). The lower level employees are the ones who perform most of the organisational work. They are supposed to be present at their workplace at all times. But with the advent of information and communication technology, many lower level employees are embarking on team networking, which has made it poss ible for them to be flexible through development of their working schedules. The team members may easily communicate with each other in the organisation and coordination of their work, making them achieve better results (Head 146). The impact of these changes on workplace relationships The above changes have increased understanding between the upper level and lower level employees. This is because of enhanced ability to pass any form of communication from either level. This has also reduced the number of conflicts between the two levels thus contributing to a cohesive organisational culture. The upper level employees and the lower level ones are also able to interact as frequent as possible, both physically and virtually. This has led to increased coordination, control and planning of organisational functions. The lower level employees are also able to interact with each other more freely thus leading to strong bonding, given that they share both work related information as well as personal related information (Head 155). Works Cited Head, Simon. The New Ruthless Economy: Work Power in the Digital Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.125-155. Wharton, Amy. Selected Material From Working In America: Continuity, Conflict, and Change, (3rd Ed.).New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions, 2006.44-168. This critical writing on Ways in Which Work Has Been Understood By Various Theorists was written and submitted by user Deborah Vega to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 Cases of Premature Reference

5 Cases of Premature Reference 5 Cases of Premature Reference 5 Cases of Premature Reference By Mark Nichol Writers occasionally fall into the trap of inserting too much information between a verb and its object, or introducing a pronoun before the noun it refers to has appeared in effect, alluding to the point of the sentence before specifying it. This syntactical structure isn’t wrong, but it can be annoying. Take care to use the following constructions in moderation, if at all. 1. â€Å"I have decided and I thank you all for your input about the subject that the policy will go into effect immediately.† Interjecting a long parenthetical digression between a verb and the predicate is the least irritating variety of premature reference at least the writer made it to the verb before veering off but it might be better to express the basic statement and then tack on the additional information: â€Å"I have decided that the policy will go into effect immediately. I thank you all for your input about the subject.† (Or start with the parenthetical and continue with the basic statement: â€Å"I thank you all for your input about the policy. I have decided that it will go into effect immediately.†) 2. â€Å"The question is of whether and, if so, to what extent the phenomenon has an impact on climate.† This sentence also interrupts the basic statement with an additional dimension that, in this case, itself is subjected to an interjection. Again, the parenthesis might better follow the fundamental element: â€Å"The question is of whether the phenomenon has an impact on climate, and, if so, the extent of that impact.† 3. â€Å"Whether you appreciate them or not, the devices serve a practical purpose.† When you name something and then refer to it by a pronoun, it’s best to do so in that order: â€Å"Whether you appreciate the devices or not, they serve a practical purpose.† 4. â€Å"These earthquakes, as do most, occurred on faults near boundaries between two tectonic plates.† This type of interruption is also distracting, and it can be solved in the same way as the first two examples: â€Å"These earthquakes occurred on faults near boundaries between two tectonic plates, as do most temblors.† Alternatively, even a slight simplification in wording reduces the distraction: â€Å"These earthquakes, like most, occurred on faults near boundaries between two tectonic plates.† 5. â€Å"The senator, as have many others, brought up the contradiction between the two laws.† The â€Å"as have† interjection can be moved just like the â€Å"as do† parenthesis above: â€Å"The senator brought up the contradiction between the two laws, as have many of his colleagues.† Or, as before, the substitution of like for â€Å"as have† improves the sentence somewhat: â€Å"The senator, like many others, brought up the contradiction between the two laws.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesHomonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsParticular vs. Specific

Summarize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Summarize - Essay Example This is a characteristic feature which may be found in many under developed and developing countries. The topic of infant mortality is discussed in detail with the help of statistics. The infant mortality rates are much higher in the developing and under developed countries. The young children are plagued by diseases causing early deaths. Much of the diseases can be cured but the lack of awareness and the absence of healthcare facilities lead to such problems. It is found that many children have to face deaths due to simple problems such as fever and dehydration. Many of the diseases which are the result of deaths in such areas can actually be cured. However, the absence and ignorance leads to such problems of high infant mortality rates. Due to this a severe problem comes up in such societies- over population. Due to the high infant mortality rates the parents tend to have more children expecting that from amongst them a few will survive the risks of infant mortality. However, more than enough children survive increasing the family size. Some professors and experts have pointed out that income and mortality rates were linked. A fall in incomes leads to greater mortality rates and vice versa. This is due to the simple reason that increasing income improves the standard of living. One of the main reasons for the high infant mortality rates is the problem of hunger. The people in poor countries are faced by the problems of hunger and malnutrition which results in them being prone to diseases. The daily calorie intake is said to be one-third lower for the poorest five countries when compared to the richest five countries (Easterly, 11). The poorer families already low on cash and are always taking loans from one place or the other to support their families. This results in debt bondage where the family members are in a position of debts. As a result, even the children have to go out and work in order to bring in the funds for survival. This increases the hardships on the children as they are putting in extra effort and there is little to eat. This reduces the energy and may cause malnutrition amongst the children. When there is little work available most of it is taken up by young males. The females then often resort to prostitution. This is one of the most discussed questions in many countries. Apart from prostitution females are also subject to oppression in many under developed countries. A story is related in the end telling the hardships of the poor and their sufferings. People are made to realize that today it is very difficult to leave something and move on in life. Nowadays the poor not even have the land or the resources to get back from their doomed situations. The reason for discussing these questions of mortality rates, oppression of the women, slavery and poor healthcare in economics is to point out the importance of economic growth. Much of this could be avoided by increasing GDP and GNP per capita as increasing incomes increas es the standard of living. Thus this can be a way for overcoming these issues which are being faced by many people worldwide. Summary of Chapter 2 This chapter begins with another example this time of Ghana, which was the first colony which became independent from the African colonies. Ghana had a good start because of the aid money invested into their economy by the foreigners mainly the British, Americans and Germans. The concept which is mentioned